Before we read from the books of the Torah – I would like to suggest that we should first reflect on how to approach it. Because how you decide to read something has a big impact on what you get out of reading it.
The Torah is the opening books of the canon for two major faith traditions – Judaism and Christianity. It is part of what Judaism calls the Torah, the first section of the Bible, the books Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. Also called the Pentateuch. As early as the 1st century AD these 5 books were always found on one long scroll – indicating that they were to be studied as a unit. And in both Judaism and Christianity there is unanimity that these five belong together. Once you get past those first five the Jewish and Christian canons scramble the remaining 34 books in different orders. In Judaism the Torah is accorded the highest level of sanctity, above all other books of the Hebrew Bible.
The Lens We Look Through
This course is, first and foremost, a course on the Torah. In examining the Torah we will need occasionally to look at other biblical material in the Hebrew Bible, but we will keep our focus strongly on the Torah. Because both the Hebrew Bible in general and the Torah in particular are so wide-ranging in scope, I would again suggest that we will increase our learning if we try to view it through a variety of lenses in order to understand it better.
First point – The Torah is ancient literature. It was written almost 3000 years ago in a far away land, in a culture we do not really understand, in an ancient language called Hebrew that we are still learning about. And it was written in a narrative style. It is in a sense a collection of stories – stories most of us know very well because we grew up learning them. It is written in prose. The significance of that is all the other religious literature of the ancient near east was written in poetry. But the ancient author of The Torah rejected poetry as unsuitable for telling their story. So because it is literature we should occasionally try to bring literary analysis to the stories to help understand why they were told in the way they were.
But we will bring historical analysis to the
material, as we seek to uncover the history of ancient Israel and the
surrounding cultures in the ancient Near East-that is to say, at times, the
course will look and sound like a history course. The Torah is not history in the sense that moderns approach history. But history can be inferred from the narrative.
One Deity
The Torah explains the worship of a single deity. This was absolutely revolutionary in the ancient near east. But it also presents its ideas on the relationship of God to nature, to the human race in general, and to the people Israel in particular in ways that are, however, foreign to the expectations of most modern readers. It is therefore all too easy to miss the seriousness and profundity of its messages.
For the vehicle through which the Torah conveys its worldview is neither the theological tract nor the rigorous philosophical proof nor the confession of faith. That vehicle is, rather, narrative. The theology must be inferred from stories, and the lived relationship with God takes precedence over abstract theology. Those who think of stories (including mythology) as fit only for children not only misunderstand the thought-world and the literary conventions of the ancient Near East; they also condemn themselves to miss the complexity and sophistication of the stories of the Torah. For in that thought-world people tried to understand their world through the explanations of mythology – not modern science. These narratives have evoked interpretation upon interpretation from biblical times into our own day and have occupied the attention of some of the keenest thinkers in human history.
Related to this it is important to understand aspects of ancient religion, ancient cult, and ancient theology-because ancient Israelites were completely surrounded by other religions on a daily basis - they were immersed it. So at times, the study will look and sound like a religion course.
Questions We Might Ask
I said earlier that in reading literature the questions we ask can determine what we get out of it. I am going to suggest 3 questions we might ask as we study the Torah.
First - What was the author's original intent, and how did his or her original audience understand the text? This should be our main emphasis throughout or reading of the Torah. But to successfully answer this question is not easy. We would have to immerse ourselves in the world of ancient Israel by attempting to live and think, as well as we can, like an ancient Israelite in, say, c. 1000 B.C.
Second - How has the text been interpreted by the two faith communities who hold the Bible to be sacred, namely, Judaism and Christianity, throughout the ages? This question requires a different approach. We should note that the formative periods of Jewish and Christian interpretation largely coincided: Jewish midrashic writings from the rabbis and early patristic writing from the church fathers both date to the late Roman or Byzantine period (4th through 6th centuries A.D).
Third - What does the text mean to me today? For me this is the Baptist Sunday School approach – because I grew up in a Baptist church and from about the age of 8 until about 12 or 13 I learned a lot about the stories of the Torah – and we tried to learn moral lessons from those stories. That was pretty tough!
The Message
So what was the fundamental message of the Torah? I would offer this thought, which you may not agree with.
Many modern readers try to read moral lessons and lessons about how to be saved into the Torah. But most scholars today are in pretty strong agreement that the Torah was really about Revelation. The author or authors were trying to reveal to the ancient Israelites the nature of their God and how their God was completely different from the gods of all of the polytheistic religions they were surrounded by. And also trying to reveal to them who they were and their special covenant with the only God worthy of being worshiped.
Experiencing Literature
It is important to understand how literature is experienced in older cultures. We do it by silent reading. In the ancient world it was a very different experience based on oral and aural transmission. The mouth and the ear. That experience puts a great responsibility on the writer, the reader and the listener.
One aspect of narrative in the Torah that requires special attention is its high tolerance for different versions of the same event, a well-known feature of ancient Near Eastern literature, from earliest times. Genesis presents, for example, two accounts of the creation, two of Abram/ Abraham's attempting to pass his wife off as his sister (12.10-20; 20.1-18; d. 26.1-11), two accounts of God's making a covenant with him (ch. 15 and 17), and two accounts of how Jacob's name was changed to Israel (32.23-33; 35.9-15). In these instances, most modern biblical scholars see different antecedent documents that editors known as redactors) have combined to give us the text now in our hands. This could not have happened, however, if the existence of variation were seen as a serious defect or if rigid consistency were deemed essential to effective storytelling. Rather, the redactors chose a different approach, refusing to discard many variants as inauthentic or inaccurate, instead treating the different versions as sequential events in the same longer story. The result is a certain measure of repetition, to be sure, but the repetition is in the service of a sophisticated presentation of themes with variations in a book rich in narrative analogy, revealing echo, and suggestive contrast. For the Rabbis of Talmudic times and their successors through the centuries, the exploration of those subtle literary features provided an indispensable insight not only into the Torah (the most sacred art of the Tanakh) but also into the mind of God Himself.
Translations
Whatever Bible we read - it is a translation. From ancient languages that are still proving difficult to understand. So - which translation should you use? Some variants:
The Revised Standard Version which comes in a variety of editions, such as the New Oxford Annotated Bible. This translation adheres closely to the Hebrew original, word for word.
The Jewish Publication Society Version is the standard among Jewish readers of the Bible. Note that it is a more idiomatic rendering and frequently departs from the Hebrew text literally. But idiom is an important aspect how humans communicate. A fine recent edition, which includes this translation, is The Jewish Study Bible.
The most literal translation of the Torah is that of Everett Fox, professor at Clark University in Worcester, MA. For those readers who wish to get as close to the Hebrew text as possible, with the result that the English is often a bit odd-sounding, this is the text for you.
And finally, a recent (2013) new translation is The Common English Bible. This is a wonderful attempt to use the best text and redo the translation as accurately as possible, and to use "common" English, rather than 16th century English. Our own Andy Dearman was a lead editor of the Torah portion of that translation. Highly recommended.
The Cultural Matrix
All people who read a literature (or hear it being read to them) apply their cultural bias to what they are experiencing. We do that and the ancient Israelites did it.
There are many things they automatically “know” and we do not know. Some of the things written for that ancient culture can easily go right over our heads or worse confuse us. This is always a problem in reading about ancient ways.
The Map
So let’s spend a few minutes today defining terms and talking about what the ancient near east is all about.
So what does the expression “the ancient near east” actually mean. First of all we are using the term because that is the term that modern scholars use. What are they talking about?
The near east is the scholar’s description for the region including Mesopotamia on the west, Egypt on the east and the Land of Canaan in between. So what does ancient mean in ancient near east. Specifically it means the time period from 3000 B.C. to 330 B.C. Why 330 specifically? That is when Alexander the Great – the military leader of Macedonia and Greece, conquered the ancient near east and moved the scholars definition to the next great time period – the Greco-Roman era. So the ancient period ends when the Greeks conquered this entire area.
So how would we describe the ancient near east. Basically it could be described as two predominant world powers – Mesopotamia and Egypt, on either side of what could only be described as the third world – a weak collection of tribal peoples.
We will cover the ancient near east in some more detail later.
All I want to do here is comment a little about this region in the
pre-biblical era. Because the story of
the people of Israel in the Torah starts up long after Mesopotamia and Egypt were
world powers. In effect you should view
the Israelites as very late comers to the ancient Near East. Both Mesopotamia and Egypt had thriving and
literate societies in place 15 centuries before the Israelites appeared. More on that later.