Bible Overview 1st Samuel
MikeErvin
1st Samual
1. Authorship
Traditional View:
Jewish tradition (Talmud, Baba Bathra 14b) attributes the book to Samuel, with additions from Nathan and Gad (see 1 Chronicles 29:29).
Since Samuel dies in 1 Samuel 25, it is unlikely that he wrote the entire book.
Scholarly View:
Many scholars believe 1 & 2 Samuel were originally one book, later divided for convenience.
The book likely underwent multiple editorial stages, possibly compiled during the early monarchical period (10th century BCE) or exilic/post-exilic period (6th - 5th century BCE).
2. Date of Authorship
Historical Period Covered:
The events span from Samuel’s birth (c. 1100 BCE) to the death of Saul (c. 1010 BCE).
This period transitions from the rule of the judges to the establishment of the monarchy.
Time of Composition:
While some material (especially regarding Samuel) may have originated during his lifetime, the final composition likely occurred later (possibly during or after David’s reign, c. 1000 - 900 BCE).
Some sections may reflect exilic (6th century BCE) or post-exilic editorial work.
3. Intended Audience
Primarily addressed to Israelites, especially those reflecting on the transition from tribal rule (under judges) to monarchical rule (under kings).
It may have been particularly relevant to later audiences evaluating the legitimacy of the Davidic dynasty or seeking to understand God’s role in Israel’s history.
4. Major Themes
1. Leadership and Kingship
The book contrasts different types of leaders:
Samuel represents prophetic and priestly leadership.
Saul represents a flawed king chosen by the people. David represents a king after God’s heart (1 Samuel 13:14).
The rise of monarchy raises questions about divine vs. human authority.
2. God’s Sovereignty and Human Responsibility
God is shown to be in control of Israel’s destiny.
Even when people demand a king (1 Samuel 8), God remains the ultimate ruler.
3. The Rise and Fall of Saul
Saul is initially humble but later disobeys God.
His downfall illustrates the consequences of disobedience, pride, and insecurity.
4. The Rise of David
David is anointed (1 Samuel 16) but must wait for God’s timing to take the throne.
His journey involves faith, trials, and persecution (especially from Saul).
5. The Role of the Prophet
Samuel serves as the last judge and the first major prophet of the monarchy.
He functions as God’s spokesman, anointing and rebuking kings.
6. Obedience vs. Rebellion
Key Verse: 1 Samuel 15:22 To obey is better than sacrifice.
Saul’s disobedience contrasts with David’s repentance (though David also sins in 2 Samuel).
5. Sequential Review of Chapters
I. Samuel’s Leadership (Chapters 1 - 7)
Samuel’s birth, calling, and rise as a prophet.
4 -7: Israel loses the Ark of the Covenant; Samuel leads a spiritual revival.
II. The Rise and Fall of Saul (Chapters 8 - 15)
8: Israel demands a king.
9 - 10: Saul is chosen and anointed.
11 - 12: Saul’s early success and Samuel’s warning.
13 - 15: Saul’s disobedience and rejection by God.
III. The Rise of David and Conflict with Saul (Chapters 16 - 31)
16: David anointed as future king.
17: David defeats Goliath.
18 - 26: Saul grows jealous, chases David.
27 -31: Saul’s decline and death.
Final Thoughts
1 Samuel provides rich theological and historical insights, showing God’s hand in leadership transitions. Its lessons on obedience, faith, and leadership remain deeply relevant today.